The government reported 523 prosecutions under its anti-pimping statute in 2008; approximately 16 percent of the original arrests were for trafficking-specific offenses. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west and Brazil to the south. Local observers and international experts criticized the government's response, citing it increased these migrants' vulnerability to trafficking. In contrast, but also similarly to the slave trade in Europe, a majority of human trafficking victims are either Black/African American, White/Caucasian, or Hispanic. Trafficking in persons is one of the most profitable crimes in the world, after drug trafficking and counterfeit. Another NGO reported it worked with pro-bono medical and social service providers in order to assist victims of forced labor. Criminal networks operating in Montenegro’s expanding tourism industry are reportedly engaged in trafficking for the purpose forced prostitution. Romania is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically conditions of forced labor and women and children in forced prostitution. Whether as country of origin, transit or destination for the victims, almost every State in the world is affected by this phenom… History of Human Trafficking. Nigeria, Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania and the Balkan area are prime examples of origin countries. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, "Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements", "code pénal, livre II, titre II, chapitre V, section 1bis: De la traite des êtres humains". The Government of France successfully dismantled 40 trafficking rings in France in 2009 and cooperated to dismantle 14 international networks with bilateral partners through joint investigation teams aimed at investigating and prosecuting cases across borders. To address this deficiency, the government reported it continued to provide mandatory training to all law enforcement personnel to increase their identification and awareness of potential trafficking victims in 2009. To a lesser extent, Malawi is a transit point for foreign victims and a destination country for men, women, and children from Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe subjected to conditions of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. In 2008, two women were rescued from forced prostitution in Jordan and three men from forced labor in Italy. According to one NGO, some Portuguese girls are subjected to forced prostitution within the country. At the national level, human trafficking is defined and prohibited by the Penal Code, and the different elements of the definition of human trafficking are … TRAFFICKING PROFILE. There were reportedly six French women subjected to forced prostitution in Luxembourg in 2009. Young girls sold into marriage are often forced into domestic servitude for the husband’s extended family. It relentlessly promotes the assumption that creating wealth for those businesses and individuals who are already well-off will “trickle down” to those in the greatest need. Children, primarily ethnic Roma, are subjected to forced begging by their parents or other relatives. The government continued to train prosecutors and judges to make better use of France's anti-trafficking law, continued to prosecute forced prostitution and forced labor offenders, and increased public-private partnerships to prevent trafficking. There was also a three-week general training given to French military personnel before their deployment abroad for international peacekeeping missions. CHAPTER 1 Introduction and History of Human Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery 9 women. There were reports that some girls, particularly Roma, were trafficked, using forced marriage, for the purpose of involuntary domestic servitude, and that Roma boys and girls were subjected to forced begging by organized groups. It borders Brazil to the east and south and Suriname to the west. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, science, as well as the arts. Based on limited available data, some Tunisian girls may be trafficked within the country for involuntary domestic servitude. Most Paraguayan trafficking victims are found in Argentina, Spain, and Bolivia; smaller numbers of victims are exploited in Brazil, Chile, France, South Korea, and Japan. The report described French authorities’ policy of detaining unaccompanied minors, including potential trafficking victims, in a designated “transit zone” at the airport. Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres (17,212,000 sq mi), about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The study, conducted in 2008, surveyed 130 domestic workers in the Greater Tunis region and found that 52 percent were under the age of 16; twenty-three percent claimed to be victims of physical violence, and 11 percent of sexual violence. Bosnia and Herzegovina is primarily a source for Bosnian women and girls who are subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced prostitution within the country, though it is also a destination and transit country for foreign women and girls in forced prostitution in Bosnia and Western Europe. Tunisia is a source, destination, and possible transit country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 1" in 2017. Sex and labor traffickers exploit foreign victims from Eastern Europe, West and North Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. The government did not report the number of victims that received residence permits or cards in 2009. Reportedly, the French Red Cross regularly alerts French authorities about the need to improve the response to children who appear to be trafficking victims. Visa-free travel of Mongolians to Turkey has resulted in a significant increase in the number of both labor and sex trafficking cases of Mongolian labor migrants in Turkey. One definition describes Eastern Europe as a cultural entity: the region lying in Europe with the main characteristics consisting of Greek, Byzantine, Eastern Orthodox, Russian, and some Ottoman culture influences. [2]. Source of profits: In smuggling cases, profits are derived from the transportation or facilitation of the illegal entry or stay of a person into another county. France prohibits trafficking for sexual exploitation through Article 225 of its penal code, [3] which prescribes penalties that are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for rape. A similar definition names the formerly communist European states outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe. The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an estimated official 2019 population of 12,213,364, or about 18 percent of the population of France. Bulgaria is a source and, to a lesser extent, a transit and destination country for women and children who are subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced prostitution and men, women, and children subjected to conditions of forced labor. Western Europe, especially Germany, France and Italy, are examples of destination countries. The French government provided witness protection services and issued one-year residency permits, which can be renewed every six months, to victims of trafficking who cooperated with authorities in the investigation and prosecution of traffickers; the government also provided identified victims with assistance and a 30-day reflection period to decide whether to cooperate with law enforcement. The movement of internally trafficked children is either from rural to urban areas, or from one rural area to another, as from farming to fishing communities. The national government and city of Paris continued to partner with NGOs in order to provide trafficking victims with a network of services and shelters during the reporting period. Ninety-nine percent indicated they had no work contracts and the majority received salaries below the minimum wage. Origin countries: The countries (or area in a country) from where victims originate. A prosecutor is a legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system. [2]. At one time this article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible [accessed 5 September 2011] A channel for traffic in people to France has been crushed by the Bulgarian and French police. Non-governmental organizations—also called nongovernmental or nongovernment organizations—commonly referred to as NGOs, are usually non-profit and sometimes international organizations independent of governments and international governmental organizations that are active in humanitarian, educational, health care, public policy, social, human rights, environmental, and other areas to effect changes according to their objectives. The NGO Committee Against Modern Slavery (CCEM) reported 216 cases of forced labor in France in 2008; 120 of these victims were reportedly placed in protective custody. Macedonian victims and victims transiting through Macedonia are subjected to forced prostitution or forced labor in South Central and Western Europe. Montenegro is a transit, source, and destination country for men, women, and girls who are subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor. Belgium is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. Malawi is primarily a source country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution within the country and abroad. The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and, typically, in an open court. The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case, assesses the credibility and arguments of the parties, and then issues a ruling on the matter at hand based on his or her interpretation of the law and his or her own personal judgment. Labor traffickers are often villagers who have moved to urban areas and subsequently recruit children from their original villages through offers of good jobs. Trafficking is criminal, illegal activity, occurring under the radar. The government provided some indirect funding for victims’ care in 2009; however, it did not report overall funding allocations to NGOs for victims of trafficking. 1700-Human trafficking for sexual purposes was first legally recognised by the term 'white slavery'. Upon arrival, they charge the girl high rental fees for these items and instruct her how to engage in prostitution to pay off the debt. Montenegrin women and girls are subjected to forced prostitution within the country and in other Balkan countries; anecdotal reports indicate at least one Montenegrin girl was subjected to conditions of forced prostitution in Serbia during the reporting period. This occurs when a victim is taken from their origin country, through a secondary country (transit country) on their way to the destination country. A major driver of human trafficking is neoliberalism, the dominant economic model of our time. These included Spain, North America, Holland, France, Sweden, and Denmark. One NGO continued to express frustration with the fees required for the residency permit and renewal of the permit. Mongolian men, women, and children are found in these conditions in China, Macau, Malaysia, South Korea, and Hong Kong. TROY, NY (WRGB) -"There is human trafficking, the threat of human trafficking occurring in the Capital Region,” said Peter Magnetto, FBI Assistant Special Agent in Charge. Human trafficking is a complex phenomenon fueled by the tremendous growth in the global sex market. In France, 90% of the victims of human trafficking is female. In another case, 13 Paraguayan women were found in conditions of forced prostitution in a brothel in La Paz, Bolivia. In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a jury. The risk of human trafficking has a history of being elevated during times of serious infectious disease. Often their “employers” are diplomats who enjoy diplomatic immunity from prosecution, including those from Saudi Arabia. Organized crime and corruption often reign and the value of life is diminished. Families traditionally sell girls into forced marriages to settle their debts, leaving them vulnerable to involuntary domestic servitude, and tribal leaders trade the exploitative labor and service of girls and women for guns and political advantage. Some local observers continued to criticize the government's lack of a proactive approach to identifying trafficking victims and reported that some women in prostitution are arrested and fined for solicitation without being screened to determine if they are trafficking victims. The term rape is sometimes used interchangeably with the term sexual assault. Women and children are subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and involuntary domestic servitude; trafficked men are forced to provide labor in logging and mining camps. Botswana families which employ Zimbabwean women as domestic workers at times do so without proper work permits, do not pay adequate wages, and restrict or control the movement of their employees by holding their passports or threatening to have them deported back to Zimbabwe. France is bound by international agreements and European Union directives to fight human trafficking. Globalization of ideas, information and the media create a dream of “a better life” in these destination countries leaving potential victims vulnerable to trafficker’s promises. The population of West Africa is estimated at about 362 million people as of 2016, and at 381,981,000 as of 2017, of which 189,672,000 are female and 192,309,000 male. They are thus a subgroup of all organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs and other associations that provide services, benefits, and premises only to members. Reportedly men from North Africa are subjected to forced labor in the agricultural and construction sectors in southern France. The report documented two cases in which the government failed to adequately identify two children from Nigeria and Guinea as trafficking victims, in one case the victim's trafficker visited her in detention to collect money. 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