The most recent Toba eruption is the last of four major volcanic eruptions that began 1.2 million years ago and eventually gave rise to Lake Toba, which is at the center of the caldera. In addition to leaving long-lasting effects, the 1902 Santa María volcanic eruption was large and produced 10 cubic kilometers (2.4 cubic miles) of material. Oruanui eruption (~26,500 years ago) of Taupo Volcano, New Zealand – this VEI 8 eruption is the largest to occur in the past 70,000 years. The eruption cost upwards of $200 million. The explosion sent mudflows as far as the Pacific Ocean, 75 miles (120 km) away, and appears to have affected the global climate. Since then, Mount Vesuvius has erupted numerous times and is still active. Here is a strange one for you, volcanoes stink! The blanket of ash over Pompeii preserved several bodies, structures, and artifacts. This eruption was also responsible for a volcanic winter that lowered temperatures worldwide. The eruption lowered temperatures by 3 to 5 degrees Celsius for several years after. Volcanoes have helped shape our planet. Volcano eruptions can be huge and cause lots of problems - and the worst can even kill thousands of people. The eruption of Lake Toba was the biggest volcanic eruption in the Quaternary … However, the Taupo eruption of New Zealand in the year 186 was larger—only no one lived there at the time. La Garita put 5000 cubic kilometers of volcanic material into play and was ~105 times more powerful than the largest nuclear weapon ever tested. The Mount Pinatubo eruption was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. The eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 is one of the best-known volcanic eruptions from history for how devastating it was. Table 1. Large eruptions in past 10,000 years. Mount St. Helens eruption (1980), Washington – While dwarfed in comparison to the rest of the eruptions on this list – for context, La Garita’s deposit was 5,000 times larger – this 1980 explosion reached a level 5 on the VEI and was the most destructive volcano to occur in the United States. Huaynaputina produced the largest volcanic eruption in South America in the 17th century. Thankfully, with the help of modern technology, these volcanoes are being monitored everyday and potential crises, like the ones on this list, may be avoided. The Largest Volcano Eruptions | John Seach. About 73 thousand years ago, this Toba volcano erupted and the eruption is enormous, even almost eliminated human civilization. Wah Wah Springs eruption (~30 million years ago), Utah/Nevada – While this eruption has been known about for some time, BYU geologists recently revealed that its deposit may be larger than the La Garita deposit. Before the 1815 eruption, Mount Tambora was 14,000 feet (4.3 kilometers) tall and was reduced down to 9,000 feet (2.7 kilometers) after the eruption. Mt Pinatubo crater, Philippines. Large volcanic eruptions are more frequent than asteroid impacts of similar magnitude. This particular eruption was the largest in all of Europe in the past 240 years. Unfortunately about 1,500 people in the nearby areas died during the Huaynaputina eruption. The biggest super-eruption ever to be recorded at Yellowstone volcano has been discovered by scientists, finding an event that took place 8.7 million years ago covered an area the size of New Jersey with searing hot volcanic glass. Biggest volcano eruption The eruption of Novarupta on June 6 - 8, 1912 was the largest volcanic eruption in recent history in the United States. The volcano at the Toba Caldera in Indonesia last erupted between 69,000 – 77,000 years ago. In 1815, Mount Tambora blew its top and released about 160 cubic kilometers (38 cubic miles) of magma and ash – this is the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. Ash deposits from the Yellowstone’s last volcanic eruption can still be found as far away from Yellowstone Iowa, Louisiana, and California. The explosion of Mount Tambora is the largest ever recorded by humans, ranking a 7 (or "super-colossal") on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, the second-highest rating in the index. However, in recent years, other researchers have challenged this theory and say that the effects of the Toba volcano may not have been that dramatic. Southern Dispersal Route: When Did Early Modern Humans Leave Africa? The Mauna Loa eruption sequence of 1880–81 consists of two eruptions. St. Helens Eruption That Killed 57 People, The Year Without a Summer Was a Bizarre Weather Disaster in 1816, B.A., Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire. Prior to the 79 CE eruption there is no evidence that anyone knew that Mount Vesuvius was a volcano. May 18, 1980: Remembering the Deadly Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Learn About the Mt. The biggest one we have direct written records of would be Santorini, around 1630 BCE. The resulting pumice and ash layer created by Huaynaputina was also quite large and covers an area of 360,000 square kilometers (138,997 square miles). Tamu Massif is the largest volcano on Earth - unless an even larger volcano remains to be discovered on the deep ocean floor. “The eruption rates on Mauna Loa are scary in comparison to Kilauea. The biggest eruption since the rise of modern science would undoubtedly be Tambora. While Novarupta produced such a large eruption, thankfully there were no deaths. That last eruption was designated as an 8 on the Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI), which is the highest level. The size of volcanic eruptions is determined by the amount of lava emitted. Mount Vesuvius is perhaps the most famous volcano on this list and has been studied extensively and featured numerous times in works of popular culture. Source: Wikimedia Commons via Morn the Gorn. The residents and people who worked in what is now Katmai National Park and Preserve had felt unusual tremors for weeks and had evacuated in time. estimated that there are 1,500 potentially active volcanoes around the world, eruption of Mount Vesuvivus occurred sometime in the autumn of 79 CE, second largest volcanic eruption of the 20, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) had been closely monitoring Mount Pinatubo and saved thousands of people, Mount Pinatubo’s eruption caused $700 million in damage, lava domes began forming 20 years after the Santa María volcano erupted, produced 10 cubic kilometers (2.4 cubic miles) of material, another devastating eruption happened in 1929 and also resulted in about 5,000 deaths, Wikimedia Commons via Katmai National Park and Preserve, turned into 30 cubic kilometers (7.2 cu mi) of ash, Huaynaputina ejected 30 cubic kilometer (7.2 cubic miles) of magma, about 1,500 people in the nearby areas died, produced an estimated 45 cubic kilometers (11 cubic miles) of debris, Krakatoa had been dormant for more than 200 years, Wikimedia Commons via ISS Crew Earth Observations by NASA Expedition 20 Crew, 160 cubic kilometers (38 cubic miles) of magma and ash, more than 10,000 people died during the eruptions, Wikimedia Commons via Ed Austin and Herb Jones, volcanic eruption at Yellowstone National Park, ejected between 2,500 – 3,000 cubic kilometers (600 – 719.7 cubic miles), According to some researchers the Toba volcano eruption was so massive that it led to a decade-long volcanic winter, 10 Largest Employers in the United States. He works as a research guide for the U.S. Geological Survey. Taupo Volcano also produced a VEI 7 eruption around 180 AD. Iceland Magazine. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 is considered the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, just after Novarupta in 1912. In an attempt to answer the question, we’ll take a look at the largest eruptions in recorded, human and geologic history. Krakatoa as well as the ensuing tsunami killed more than 36,000 people on the surrounding islands. There are reports that indicate that the initial blast from Krakatoa reached an estimated 24 kilometers (15 miles) into the air. It is believed that the Toba volcano produced the largest known volcanic eruption when it ejected between 2,500 – 3,000 cubic kilometers (600 – 719.7 cubic miles) of debris. Source: Wikimedia Commons via Katmai National Park and Preserve. No one knows for sure how many people died during the 79 CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, but estimates range between 13,000 to 30,000 people. by Big Island Video News on Dec 21, 2020 (BIVN) – The Sunday evening eruption of Kīlauea – the first eruptive activity at the volcano in over two years – has already erased the growing summit water lake and is replacing it with a new lava lake at the base of the crater. Unfortunately, it was responsible for the biggest loss of life from volcanic eruption in human history, as ~10,000 people died directly from volcanic activity and more than 50,000 others died from post-eruption starvation and disease. The Lava Creek Tuff forms the north wall of the Yellowstone Caldera. Taal Volcano Eruption in the Philippines is Looking Bad, with Worse to Come. This list contains some of the largest known volcanic eruptions in history, which have also been some of the most devastating. The most notable event was the Oruanui eruption around 26,500 years ago during the Late Pleistocene with VE=8. The volcano below Yellowstone National Park is among the largest on the planet and has a history of generating huge eruptions. Largest Volcanic Eruptions Local residents and the entirety of Clark Air Base were evacuated, but 800 people still died. The really huge ones were long before written history. That eruption was the biggest since 1912 – a 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The largest eruption over the past 2 centuries was Tambora in Indonesia in 1815. The summers following the 1600 eruption were some of the coldest in 500 years. Mount Toba eruption (74,000 years ago), Sumatra, La Garita Caldera eruption (~28 million years ago), Colorado, 5 Different Ways of Classifying Volcanoes, Composite Volcano (Stratovolcano): Key Facts and Formation, The Mount Pinatubo Eruption in the Philippines, Mount Tambora Was the Largest Volcanic Eruption of 19th Century. In a volcanic eruption, lava, volcanic bombs and ash, and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent and fissure.While many eruptions only pose dangers to the immediately surrounding area, Earth's largest eruptions can have a major regional or even global impact, with some affecting the climate and contributing to mass extinctions. Yellowstone’s 640,000 year-old volcanic eruption also left behind thick volcanic deposits which are now known as the Lava Creek Tuff. At the center of the Western Pacific's "Ring of Fire," Taal spews ash … This may have caused a large loss of various species and lowered the Earth’s temperature for the next thousand years. This peak was the site of South America's largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. Yellowstone has had three very large eruptions in the last 2 million years. The tsunami was also massive and was nearly 120 feet (36.58 meters) high. Eruption Boils Away Kilauea Water Lake, Forming New Lava Lake. Scholars think that this may have decimated the early human population. (That’s about 2,500 times more ash than Mount St. Helens erupted!) Huaynaputina also severely damaged the major cities of Arequipa and Moquengua and it took over 150 years for these areas to recover economically. Even though no written records exist of its eruption, some geologists believe it was the most powerful explosive event in the history of the world — and probably was responsible for spawning the legend of the sunken city of Atlantis. The eruption was so large that scientists recommended a 9.2 rating on the 8-point VEI scale. When it comes to extremes in nature, there's not much else that compares to the violent eruption of the blood and guts of the earth that is a volcano. The Santa María has been very active since 1902 and another devastating eruption happened in 1929 and also resulted in about 5,000 deaths. This handout photo obtained from the twitter account of @mariocalabresi shows the eruption of the Stromboli volcano on July 3, 2019 on the Stromboli island, north of Sicily. It produced some 2800 cubic kilometers of ash, around 17 times that of the Mount Tambora eruption. Mount Pinatubo ejected more than 5 cubic kilometers (1 cubic mile) of material and the ash cloud rose up to 35 kilometers (22 miles) in the air. The largest eruption we have firm evidence for in geologic history is the La Garita Caldera eruption during the Oligocene Epoch. It had a VEI of 8. The Taupo Volcano forms part of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, a region of volcanic activity that extends from Ruapehu in the South, through the Taupo and Rotorua regions, to White Island in the Bay of Plenty. In June 1991, the second-largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century* took place on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, a mere 90 kilometers (55 miles) northwest of the capital city Manila.Up to 800 people were killed and 100,000 became homeless following the Mount Pinatubo eruption, which climaxed with nine hours of the eruption on June 15, 1991. The eruption is larger than the eruption of Krakatoa. After showing signs of life in 1812, the volcano erupted with such force in 1815 that its 13,000-plus feet peak was reduced to around 9,350 ft. The amount of lava coming out per unit is actually life threatening,” Frank Trusdell, a leading Mauna Loa scientist for the United States Geological Survey at the Hawaii Volcano Observatory, told Hawaii News Now. It registered as a 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) scale. An eruption at Iceland's biggest volcano could be brewing, an expert has warned. There have long been fears — … About 80,000 more people died in the surrounding areas died from disease and starvation from crop failure caused by the volcanic eruption. The average Volcano from other mountain produces hundreds of meters of the crater, while Supervolcano like Toba can produce tens of kilometers. The biggest eruption since the rise of modern science would undoubtedly be Tambora. Source: Wikimedia Commons via ChrisTomnong. The earthquakes that have been rocking the volcano in recent days have measured 3.9, 3.2, and twice at 4.7 on the Richter scale, which could mean that there is significant pressure being built up in the depths of the volcano. Novarupta spewed 13 cubic kilometers (3.1 cubic miles) of magma, which turned into 30 cubic kilometers (7.2 cu mi) of ash that blanketed the nearby area. After showing signs of life in 1812, the volcano erupted with such force in 1815 that its 13,000-plus feet peak was reduced to around 9,350 ft. By comparison, the eruption produced more than 150 times the amount of volcanic material than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Tens of thousands of people have died from these volcanic eruptions and their aftereffects. Source: Wikimedia Commons via ISS Crew Earth Observations by NASA Expedition 20 Crew. The volcano at the Toba Caldera in Indonesia last erupted between 69,000 – 77,000 years ago. An explosive eruption produced 2,500 cubic kilometers of ash! The lava domes began forming 20 years after the Santa María volcano erupted and they have continued to grow since then. RUMBLINGS. With all the gasses going around most people describe the smell of a volcano as rotten eggs! While only 722 were killed, the eruption left more than 200,000 people homeless. The Novarupta eruption lasted for 60 hours and blocked out the sun completely. The last major volcanic eruption at Yellowstone National Park happened about 640,000 years ago. On 15 June, the volcano erupted, creating an ash cloud that rose 35km into the air. Although the area around Mount Pinatubo was densely populated – the American military base, Clark Air Base was nearby – the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) had been closely monitoring Mount Pinatubo and saved thousands of people. Source: Wikimedia Commons via Parker & Coward. Home » Volcano Factoids Largest Eruptions since 1400 AD Modified from Table 3 in Newhall, CG, and S Self, 1982, The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) : An estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism: Journal of Geophysical Research87, 1231-1238. The Santa María volcanic eruption of 1902 produced one of the world’s most active lava dome complexes, which is called Santiaguito. It all depends on what you mean by “history.” While Homo sapiens have been able to accurately record scientific information for only a short amount of time, we do have the ability to estimate the size and explosive strength of historic and prehistoric volcanoes. The eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano rates a 2 or 3. Millennium eruption (~946 CE) of Tianchi (Paektu), China/North Korea – This VEI 7 eruption dropped nearly a meter of ash on the Korean Peninsula. The eruption created massive avalanches of pyroclastic flows and ejected nearly 20 million tons of SO2into the stratosphere, causing global temperatures to plummet. The largest since the rise of modern humans, Homo sapiens, was the great eruption of Toba. The most infamous eruption of Mount Vesuvivus occurred sometime in the autumn of 79 CE and is known for completely blanketed the city of Pompeii. The eruption of Novarupta on June 6 – 8, 1912 was the largest volcanic eruption in recent history in the United States. There might be larger ones, but the further back in time we go, tectonic activity becomes increasingly responsible for the destruction of geologic evidence. Huckleberry Ridge eruption (2.1 million years ago), Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming – This was the largest of 3 major Yellowstone hotspot volcanoes, producing 2500 cubic kilometers of volcanic ash. Like the Tambora explosion, Toba probably produced a devastating volcanic winter. Mount Tambora’s eruption had devastating effects and it is estimated that more than 10,000 people died during the eruptions. Global topography would look very different had this volcano on the Greek island of Santorini not erupted somewhere around 3,500 years ago. Source: Wikimedia Commons via Julio Yaquier. They provide life, but also can take life away. Source: Wikimedia Commons via Ed Austin and Herb Jones. Additionally, the Santa María eruption killed more than 5,000 people and destroyed that year’s crops. The volcano erupted more than 50 cubic kilometers of magma and collapsed afterwards to form a 6 km wide and 1250 m deep caldera. Novarupta spewed 13 cubic kilometers (3.1 cubic miles) of magma, which turned into 30 cubic kilometers (7.2 cu mi) of ash that blanketed the nearby area. Pompeii was not the only Roman village buried by Mount Vesuvius’ debris – the villages of Herculaneum, Oplontis, and Stabiae were completely covered as well. All of the nearby small islands were affected and about 165 coastal villages were destroyed by the tsunami. The biggest eruption since the rise of science, let's say 1800, would be Tambora in 1815. Mauna Kea: The "Tallest Volcano" Tallest mountain and volcano: The base of Mauna Kea is about 19,685 feet below sea level (6000 meters), and the summit is about 13,796 feet above sea level (4205 meters). Krakatoa produced an estimated 45 cubic kilometers (11 cubic miles) of debris. When it erupted, Huaynaputina ejected 30 cubic kilometer (7.2 cubic miles) of magma. 6 – Grootberg Eruption – 132 Million Years Ago – Estimated Tephra Ejected: 5,650 km3. Source: Wikimedia Commons via Visions of Domino. Scientists believe that the Huaynaputina eruption may have caused 1601 to be one of the coldest and wettest years in recorded history. The ash from Novarupta was launched over 100,000 feet (32 kilometers) in the air. Mount Pinatubo’s eruption caused $700 million in damage, including 16 American military aircraft (totaling $100 million) as well as $250 million in property damage. The biggest eruption was at Yellowstone about 2.2 million years ago. (Image: Thedand… This volcanic eruption created the Yellowstone Caldera, a giant crater that is 1,500 square miles (3,885 square kilometers). The largest volcanic eruption in recorded history is that out Mount Tambora on Sumbawa island, Indonesia. Andrew Alden is a geologist based in Oakland, California. The Yellowstone volcano spewed an estimated 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles) of material. The lava flow that came to Hilo—The 1880–81 eruption of Mauna Loa volcano, Island of Hawai‘i. On 10 April 1815, Tambora produced the largest eruption known on the planet during the past 10,000 years. Which was the world's biggest eruption? The biggest mass extinction event in Earth's history was caused by a volcanic eruption in Siberia that spewed carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, scientists say. Prior to the 1883 eruption, Krakatoa had been dormant for more than 200 years. Mount Tambora is currently an active volcano that had what is considered one of the worst volcanic disasters of the 19th century. It is believed that the Toba volcano produced the largest known volcanic eruption when it ejected between 2,500 – 3,000 cubic kilometers (600 – 719.7 cubic miles) of debris. It had a VEI of 8. 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